BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) is a wireless technology designed for short-range communication with minimal power consumption, making it ideal for wearables, beacons, and health monitoring devices. From a software engineering perspective, implementing BLE involves using BLE stacks provided by hardware vendors, like Nordic’s SoftDevice or TI’s BLE Stack, which manage the protocol’s intricacies (e.g., advertising, scanning, pairing). Developers work with GATT (Generic Attribute Profile) to define services and characteristics, which are the fundamental building blocks for BLE communication. Device firmware must be optimized to handle connection events, low-power sleep states, and frequent data transmission. Security features like pairing, bonding, and data encryption must be correctly implemented to prevent unauthorized access. Software engineers often use mobile SDKs like iOS Core Bluetooth or Android Bluetooth APIs to build companion apps that interface with BLE devices. Additionally, BLE Mesh extends the range of traditional BLE networks by creating a multi-hop network topology, requiring custom implementations for message routing and node management. Real-time updates to device firmware and BLE parameter tuning are critical for ensuring performance and energy efficiency.